Choosing and Using the Correct PPE

Personal protective equipment (PPE) helps protect people from health and safety risks that cannot be removed or adequately controlled in other ways. Choosing the correct PPE is essential: equipment that is unsuitable, poorly fitted or used incorrectly may offer little protection and can sometimes create additional hazards.

What is PPE?

PPE is equipment worn or held to protect a person from one or more workplace risks. Depending on the task, it may include:

• Safety helmets and bump caps
• Safety glasses, goggles and face shields
• Hearing protection, such as earplugs or earmuffs
• Respiratory protective equipment, including suitable masks and respirators
• Gloves and protective sleeves
• Safety footwear
• High-visibility clothing
• Protective clothing, such as chemical-resistant suits or flame-resistant garments
• Fall-protection equipment, such as harnesses and lanyards

Start with a risk assessment

PPE should not be the first or only response to a workplace hazard. Employers should first consider whether the hazard can be eliminated, or controlled using other measures such as safer equipment, barriers, ventilation or changes to working practices. PPE is used when a risk remains and protection is needed.

A risk assessment should identify the hazards, who may be exposed, how they could be harmed and what controls are required. This helps determine what type and level of PPE is appropriate for the task.

How to choose the correct PPE

The right equipment depends on the specific hazard and the conditions in which it will be used. When selecting PPE, consider:

• The hazard: For example, impact, noise, dust, chemicals, heat, cold or falling objects.
• The level of exposure: The type of PPE must provide an appropriate level of protection for the risk.
• The task and working environment: Equipment should be suitable for the job and should not introduce new risks, such as restricted movement or reduced visibility.
• Fit and comfort: PPE should fit the wearer properly. Poorly fitting equipment may leave gaps or be removed because it is uncomfortable.
• Compatibility: Items worn together must work effectively as a set. For example, safety glasses should fit properly with a respirator and hearing protection.
• Individual needs: Take account of the wearer, including any required adjustments or different sizes.
• Instructions and markings: Check the manufacturer’s information, limitations and relevant conformity markings.

Where respiratory protective equipment is required, the type must be suitable for the hazard and the wearer. Tight-fitting respirators need to form an effective seal, so face-fit testing is required. Facial hair or other items that cross the sealing surface can prevent a proper fit. Respiratory protection should be selected and managed with appropriate competent advice.

Using PPE correctly

PPE only works when it is worn correctly and for the full period of exposure. Before starting work, check that the equipment is the right type, fits properly and is in good condition. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and any workplace procedures.

Workers should be shown how to put on, adjust, remove and use their PPE safely. Training should also explain what the equipment can and cannot protect against, when it must be replaced, and how to report problems. PPE must not be altered in a way that reduces its effectiveness.

Care, storage and replacement

Damaged, dirty or poorly maintained PPE may not provide the intended protection. Inspect equipment regularly and before use where appropriate. Clean, maintain and store it according to the manufacturer’s instructions, keeping it in a suitable place where it will not be damaged or contaminated.

Replace PPE if it is damaged, defective, expired or no longer fits. Some items are designed for single use, while others need scheduled inspection or servicing. Follow the relevant instructions and workplace arrangements rather than relying on appearance alone.

Responsibilities in the workplace

In the UK, employers must assess workplace risks and provide suitable PPE where it is needed to protect workers. Under the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations, as amended, employers must provide required PPE free of charge to workers. Employers must also ensure that PPE is suitable, maintained and used correctly, and provide appropriate information, instruction and training.

Workers should use PPE as instructed, take reasonable care of it and report loss, damage or faults promptly. PPE does not replace other safety controls, and wearing it should not be treated as proof that a task is safe.

Key points

• Choose PPE based on a suitable risk assessment.
• Use PPE alongside, not instead of, other effective safety controls.
• Check that equipment is suitable, properly fitted and compatible with other items.
• Make sure workers know how to wear, check and care for their PPE.
• Replace equipment that is damaged, defective or no longer provides a proper fit.

Selecting the correct PPE is an important part of workplace safety. When the equipment matches the hazard, fits the wearer and is used and maintained properly, it can help reduce the risk of injury and ill health.